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Trang chủ AI Thuật ngữ Deep LearningBackpropagation là gì?

AI Thuật ngữ

0-9

1-shot learning 3D Reconstruction 5G + AI 6DoF pose estimation 7D representation 8-bit quantization 2-stage detector 4D data 0-shot learning 9-layer network 3D convolution

A

A/B Testing Accountability Accuracy Acoustic Modeling Activation Functions Active Learning Actor-Critic Methods Actuators AdaDelta AdaGrad Adam Optimizer Adjusted R-Squared Adversarial Attacks Affordance Learning Agent-Based Modeling Agentic AI / Autonomous Agents Agentic AI Frameworks Agglomerative Clustering AGI / Artificial General Intelligence AI Accelerators AI Act (EU)AI Agents AI Alignment AI and Bias AI and Sustainability AI APIs AI Art Generation AI Assistants AI Audit AI Auditing AI Bill of Rights (US Blueprint)AI Containment AI Democratization AI Ethics Boards AI Ethics Guidelines AI Feature Store AI for Climate Change AI Generated Content AI Governance Frameworks AI Guardrails AI Hallucinations AI in Healthcare Ethics AI in Warfare AI Legislation AI Literacy AI Marketplaces AI Model Governance AI Model Hub AI Model Registry AI Model Weights AI Music Generation AI Orchestration AI Policy AI Regulations AI Safety AI Security AI Singularity AI Transparency Report AI Watermarking AI Winter AI Workflow Automation AI-as-a-Service Alan Turing Algorithmic Accountability Algorithmic Bias Mitigation Algorithmic Discrimination Algorithmic Transparency Andrew Ng Anomaly Detection Anomaly Detection in Security Anthropic Apache Kafka API Development API Endpoints Apriori Algorithm Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)Artificial Neural Networks Artificial Superintelligence ASICs Association Rule Learning Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic Attention Mechanisms AUC Audio Classification Audio Signal Processing Augmented Reality Authentication Authorization Autoencoder Autoencoders Automated Reasoning Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)Automation AutoML Autonomous Navigation Autoregressive Models Attention Algorithm Artificial Intelligence (AI)

B

Backpropagation Bag-of-Words Model Bagging Batch Size Bayesian Inference Bayesian Networks Bayesian Optimization BERT Bias in AI Bias-Variance Tradeoff Big Data Big Data Technologies Biometric Security BLEU Score Blockchain in AI Boosting Box Plot Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE)Batch Normalization Bias

C

Caffe Calculus Calibration California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)Canary Deployment Capsule Networks Carbon Footprint of AI Case-Based Reasoning Catastrophic Forgetting Central Limit Theorem Chain-of-Thought Chatbot Chinese Room Argument Class Imbalance Classification Cloud AI Platforms Cloud Computing Clustering Algorithms Clustering CNN / Convolutional Neural Network Code Generation Models Cognitive Architectures Cognitive Computing Cohere Colab Notebooks Collaborative Filtering Color Spaces Complex Analysis Compliance Compliance Standards (ISO IEEE)Computational Complexity Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Theory of Mind Compute-Optimal Models Concept Drift Conceptual Graphs Conditional Probability Confusion Matrix Consciousness in AI Consistency Models Constitutional AI Constraint Satisfaction Problems Containerization Content-Based Filtering Context Window Continual Learning Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)Control Systems Conversational AI Convolutional Neural Networks COPPA Coreference Resolution Correlation Correlation Matrix Cost-Sensitive Learning Cross-Entropy Loss Cross-Validation Curriculum Learning Cyber Threat Intelligence Cybersecurity Regulations Classifier / Classification

D

DALL·E Data Annotation Data Catalog Data Centers Data Cleaning Data Drift Data Governance Data Ingestion Data Integration Data Labeling Data Lake Data Lakes Data Leakage Data Lineage Data Mining Data Pipeline Data Poisoning Data Preprocessing Data Privacy Data Protection Data Protection Laws Data Quality Data Security Data Sovereignty Data Transformation Data Versioning Data Visualization Data Visualization Techniques Data Warehousing Databases for AI Davies-Bouldin Index DBSCAN Decision Boundary Visualization Decision Trees Deep Belief Networks Deep Learning Deep Q-Networks Deep Reinforcement Learning Deepfake Deepfakes DeepMind Demis Hassabis Dependency Parsing Depth Estimation Descriptive Statistics Dialogue Systems Differential Equations Differential Evolution Differential Privacy Diffusion Models Digital Divide Digital Provenance Digital Twins Dimensionality Reduction Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)Discourse Analysis Discrete Event Simulation Discrete Mathematics Disinformation Distributed Computing Distributed File Systems Distributed Training Docker Drones Dropout Dropout Regularization Dynamical Systems Discriminative Model Deterministic Model Data Augmentation

E

Early Stopping Edge AI Edge Computing Edge Detection Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Elon Musk Embedding Embedding Size Embeddings Embodied AI Emergent Abilities Emotion Recognition Encoder Ensemble Methods Episodic Memory Epoch Ethical AI Ethical AI Guidelines Ethical Auditing Ethical Decision-Making Ethical Dilemmas Ethical Frameworks Ethics of AI ETL Processes Evolutionary Algorithms Existential Risk Expectation-Maximization Expectation-Maximization Algorithm Expected Calibration Error Expert Systems Explainability Exploration vs. Exploitation Exploratory Data Analysis Export Controls Ensemble Learning Explainable AI (XAI)

F

F1 Score Facial Recognition Fairness FastAI Feature Engineering Feature Importance Feature Selection Feature Store Feature Stores Federated Learning Fei-Fei Li Few-Shot Learning Fine-tuning Finite Element Analysis First-Order Logic Flow Matching Force Control Foundation Model Economy Foundation Models Fourier Transform FPGAs Frame Languages Functional Analysis Fusion / Multimodal Fusion Forward Propagation Foundation Model Feature Extraction

G

Game Playing AI Game Theory Game Theory Simulations GAN / Generative Adversarial Network Gated Recurrent Units Gaussian Mixture Models General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)Generative Adversarial Networks Generative Models Genetic Algorithms Gensim Geoffrey Hinton Global Cooperation GPT Models Grad-CAM Gradient Boosting Machines Gradient Clipping Gradient Descent Graph Neural Networks Graph Theory Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)Grid Search Grounding Graph Neural Network (GNN)Generative AI

H

Hadoop Heatmap Help Heuristic Algorithms Hidden Markov Models Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning High-Performance Computing HIPAA Hyperparameter Histogram HOG HPC Clusters Hugging Face Hugging Face Transformers Human Rights Human-in-the-Loop Human-Robot Interaction Hyperparameter Optimization Hyperparameter Tuning Heuristic Hidden Layer Hierarchical Model Hallucination

I

Imbalanced Data Interpretability Ilya Sutskever Image Captioning Image Classification Image Recognition Image Segmentation Impact on Employment In-Context Learning Industrial Robots Inference Inference Engines Inference Optimization Inferential Statistics Information Theory Informed Consent Infrastructure as Code Instance Segmentation Instruction tuning Intellectual Property Rights Intelligent Agents Intrusion Detection Systems Inverse Reinforcement Learning Instance / Sample Intelligence Amplification / Augmentation

J

JAX Jittering John McCarthy Joint Embedding Joint Probability Distribution JSONL / JSON-lines Juergen Schmidhuber Jupyter Notebooks Juxtaposition

K

KL Divergence (Kullback–Leibler Divergence)K-means Clustering K-Nearest Neighbors K-Shot Learning Kai-Fu Lee Kalman Filters Keras Kernel Trick Knowledge Distillation Knowledge Cutoff Knowledge Graphs Knowledge Representation Kubernetes

L

Latent Variable Loss Function L1 Regularization L2 Regularization Label Smoothing Language Modeling Language Models Laplace Transform Large Language Models (LLMs)Large Multimodal Models Latent Dirichlet Allocation Latent Space Law of Large Numbers Layer Normalization Learning Curve Learning Rate Decay Learning Rate Scheduling Lemmatization LIME Linear Algebra Linear Regression Log Loss Logic Programming Logistic Regression Long Short-Term Memory Networks Long-Context Models LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)LSTM / Long Short-Term Memory Large Language Model (LLM)Learning Rate

M

Multimodal / Multimodality Machine Learning (ML)Machine Consciousness Machine Translation Markov Chain Models Markov Chain Monte Carlo Markov Decision Processes Markov Models Marvin Minsky Masked Language Models Master Data Management Matplotlib Matrix Decomposition MCP Mean Absolute Error Mean Squared Error Mechanistic Interpretability Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs)Meta-learning Metadata Management Microservices Midjourney Mind Uploading Mini Tool Mini-Batch Gradient Descent Mixture of Experts (MoE)MLOps Mobile Robots Model Cards Model Compression Model Deployment Model Drift Model Explainability Tools Model Monitoring Model Serving Model Stealing Momentum Optimization Monitoring and Logging Monte Carlo Methods Monte Carlo Simulations Moral Machines Motion Detection Motion Planning Model Multi-Armed Bandit Problem Multi-head Attention Multimodal AI Music Information Retrieval MXNet

N

Normalization Neural Network n-Grams Naive Bayes Algorithm Naive Bayes Classifier Named Entity Recognition Natural Language Generation (NLG)Natural Language Processing Natural Language Processing (NLP)Natural Language Understanding Nesterov Accelerated Gradient Network Simulations Neural Architecture Search Neural Networks Neural Processing Unit (NPU)Neuromorphic Computing Nick Bostrom NLP / Natural Language Processing NLTK NLU / Natural Language Understanding Noise Reduction NoSQL Databases NumPy NVIDIA CUDA Novelty Detection / Anomaly Detection

O

Objective Function Online Learning Object Detection Object Tracking One-hot Encoding Ontologies OpenAI OpenAI GPT Optical Character Recognition Optimization Theory Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Data Overfitting Optimizer

P

Policy / Reinforcement Learning Policy Pandas Parallel Computing Parameter Count Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT)Part-of-Speech Tagging Partial Dependence Plots Path Planning Pattern Recognition People also viewed Perception in AI Perceptron Perplexity Peter Norvig Philosophy of Mind Phonetics Pipelines Planning and Scheduling Plotly Policy Gradients Policy Optimization Pooling Pose Estimation Positional Encoding Pragmatics Precision Predictive Modeling Predictive Probability Preference Tuning Pretraining Principal Component Analysis Privacy Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Probability Density Functions Probability Theory Problem Solving Process Modeling Process-Based Supervision Prompt Chaining Prompt Engineering Prompt Injection Prompt Prompt Marketplace Prompt Templates Propositional Logic Proximal Policy Optimization Pruning PyTorch Parameter

Q

Queue / Buffer Quantization Q-learning QLoRA (Quantized Low-Rank Adaptation)Quantum Computing Quantum Machine Learning Question Answering Question Answering Systems Query Quality Estimation

R

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)Representation Learning Reinforcement Learning (RL)R-Squared Random Forests Random Search Ray Kurzweil Real Analysis Reasoning Engines Recall Recommender Systems Recurrent Neural Networks Red Teaming Regression Regression Analysis Regularization Regulatory Compliance Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback Reinforcement Learning in Robotics Reproducibility Responsible AI Retrieval-Augmented Generation Reward Function RMSprop RNN / Recurrent Neural Network Robot Kinematics Robot Vision Robotic Manipulation Robotic Operating System (ROS)Robotics Transformers Robustness in AI Models ROC Curve Rodney Brooks Root Mean Squared Error Rule-Based Systems

S

Supervised Learning Self-Supervised Learning Sequence Modeling Saliency Maps Sampling SARSA Algorithm Scalable Oversight Scaling Laws Scatter Plot Scikit-Learn SciPy Seaborn Search Algorithms Secure Hardware Secure Multi-Party Computation Secure Protocols Self-Attention Self-Driving Cars Semantic Networks Semantic Parsing Semantic Role Labeling Semantic Segmentation Semantic Web Semi-Supervised Learning Sensors SentencePiece Sentiment Analysis Sequence Labeling Serverless Computing Serverless GPUs Set Theory SHAP Values Siamese Networks SIFT Silhouette Score Simulated Annealing Simulation Hypothesis Simulation-to-Real Transfer (Sim2Real)Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)SMOTE Social Acceptance of AI Social Simulation Softmax SOTA (State of the Art)spaCy Spark Speaker Diarization Spectrogram Analysis Speech Enhancement Speech Recognition Speech Synthesis Spiking Neural Networks SQL Stable Diffusion Stacking State-Action Pairs Statistical Analysis Statistical Distributions Statistics Stemming Stochastic Gradient Descent Stochastic Modeling Stochastic Processes Stop Words Stream Processing Strong AI Strong vs. Weak AI Stuart Russell Style Transfer Subword Tokenization Support Vector Machines SURF Surveillance Swarm Intelligence Symbolic AI Synthetic Data Generation Synthetic Media System Dynamics System Prompt

T

Training Data t-SNE Teacher Forcing Technological Singularity Teleoperation Temperature Temporal Difference Learning Tensor Processing Units (TPUs)TensorFlow Testing and Validation Text Summarization Text-to-Audio Generation Text-to-Image Generation Text-to-Speech (TTS)Text-to-Video Generation TF-IDF Theano Time Series Analysis Timnit Gebru TinyML Token Limit Tokenization Tokenizer Tokens Tool Use (LLMs)Topic Modeling Topology Transfer Learning Transformer Transformer Models Transformer Networks Transparency Transparency Requirements Trust Region Policy Optimization Trustworthy AI Truthfulness (in LLMs)Tuning / Hyperparameter Tuning Turing Test

U

Universal Approximation Theorem Unsupervised Learning U-Net UMAP Underfitting Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)Unmanned Ground Vehicles Uncertainty Estimation

V

Variational Autoencoder (VAE)Vector Embedding Vanishing / Exploding Gradient Validation Set Validation Curve Value Function Vector Database Version Control for Models Vibe code an AI Tool Video Generation Models Virtual Reality Simulations Vision Transformer (ViT)Voice Biometrics Voice Cloning Voice Conversion

W

Weak Supervision Warmup Steps Weak AI Weight Decay Whitening / Whitening Transformation Word Embedding Word Embeddings Word Sense Disambiguation WordPiece Workflow World Models

X

XOR problem X-axis / feature axis XAI / Explainable AI XLM XLNet

Y

Y-axis / feature axis Y-transform / YUV YAGNI (You Aren't Gonna Need It)Yann LeCun Yield (model yield / throughput)Yoga of AI Yoshua Bengio

Z

Z-score Normalization Zero-gradient phenomenon Zero-shot Learning / Zero-shot inference Zero-centric / Zero-bias initialization Zero Trust Architecture Zygosity in augmentation

Backpropagation là gì?

Deep Learning

[wˌʌt ɪz bˌækpɹəpɐɡˈeɪʃən]

Cập nhật lần cuối: 15 tháng 10, 2025

Backpropagation là một thuật toán được sử dụng để huấn luyện mạng nơ-ron nhân tạo, tính toán các gradient của hàm mất mát liên quan đến trọng số của mạng để giảm thiểu lỗi.

Phương pháp này là cơ sở của học sâu và được áp dụng rộng rãi trong nhiều nhiệm vụ học máy, bao gồm nhận dạng hình ảnh và xử lý ngôn ngữ tự nhiên.

Nguyên tắc cơ bản của backpropagation bao gồm hai giai đoạn chính: lan truyền tiến, tính toán đầu ra; và lan truyền ngược, tính toán gradient và cập nhật trọng số.

Mặc dù backpropagation có nhiều ưu điểm như hiệu quả và khả năng thích ứng với các tập dữ liệu lớn, nhưng cũng có những nhược điểm như nhạy cảm với trọng số ban đầu và các vấn đề về gradient biến mất hoặc bùng nổ.

Các xu hướng trong tương lai có thể thấy backpropagation được kết hợp với các thuật toán tiên tiến khác để cải thiện cơ chế huấn luyện và vượt qua những hạn chế của nó.

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